学位英语考试语法复习资料(一)

 　　学位英语考试语法复习资料(一)

　　语法是成人学位英语考试的重点内容，它体现在所有题型中，但重点集中在以下十个方面：

　　1、时态：常用的10—11种

　　2、语态：被动语态

　　3、情态动词

　　4、虚拟语气

　　5、动词的非谓语形式三种

　　6、各种从句(主、宾、表、定、状、同位语从句)

　　7、主谓一致

　　8、倒装句

　　9、强调句

　　10、附加疑问句

　　第一部分 动词的时态

　　考试重点：一般现在时(if 从句和as soon as 从句);进行时表将来;现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别;完成时瞬间动词以及have (has)been, have(has)gone的区别;过去完成时的时间状语;将来完成时。

　　一、一般现在式：

　　1、表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态：常和always, usually, often ,sometimes, every day, every week的等时间状语连用。

　　例：He goes to work every day. 他每天去上班。

　　2、表示普遍的真理。由于是众所周知的客观事实，所以一般不用时间状语。

　　例：The earth is round. 地球是圆的。

　　3、有些表示心理状态或感情的动词往往用一般现在时。

　　例：I don’t think you are right.我以为你错了。

　　4、在时间、条件状语从句中表示将来的动作：常用的连词有as soon as，when，till，if。

　　(1)They will go home for winter vocation as soon as they ________their exams.

　　A. have finished

　　B. finish

　　C. finished

　　D. was finishing

　　(答案：B)

　　(2)When the mixture ______, it will give off a powerful force.

　　A. will heat

　　B. will be heated

　　C. is heated

　　D. has heated

　　(答案：C)

　　二、一般过去时：

　　1、表示过去的动作或状态：常和过去时间状语连用。just now, last year, when I was 8years old等。

　　例：You've already missed too many classes this term .You _____ two classes just last week.

　　A. missed

　　B. would miss

　　C. had missed

　　D. have missed

　　(答案：A。有具体的时间状语要用过去时。)

　　2、used to do sth：过去常常做…

　　例：I used to take a walk in the morning.

　　我过去是在早晨散步。(意味着现在不在早晨散步了。)

　　3、it is high time(that)…句型中，谓语动词用过去时。

　　例：Don’t you think it is time you _____ smoking?

　　A. give up

　　B. gave up

　　C. would give up

　　D. should give up

　　(答案：B)

　　三、一般将来时

　　1、will(shall)+原形动词：表示将来的动作或状态。

　　例：He will come and help you. 他会来帮助你的。

　　2、be going to +动词原形：表示马上就要发生的事情或打算好要做的事。

　　例：Are you going to attend the lecture? 你打算去听这个演讲吗?

　　3、be to +动词原形：表示安排或计划好了的动作。

　　例：The Third-Ring Road is to be open to traffic before National Day.

　　三环路将在国庆节前通车。

　　4、be about to +动词原形：表示即将发生的动作。

　　5、例：The lecture is about to begin.讲座即将开始。

　　6、某些表示开始、终结、往来行动的动词如：go ,come, start, arrive， leave 等的现在进行时可表示将来。

　　(1)We are leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 我们明天动身去北京。

　　(2)The foreign guests are arriving in Jinan tonight. 外宾今晚到达济南。

　　四、过去将来时

　　表示在过去预计将要发生的动作，常用于宾语从句。

　　例：He wanted to know when the conference would start.

　　他想知道会议何时开始。

　　五、现在进行时

　　1、表示此时此刻(说话时)正在进行的动作。

　　例：The teacher is talking with his students. 这位老师正在同他的学生交谈。

　　2、表示现阶段正在进行的动作，但此刻并不一定在进行。

　　例：I am attending a conference in Beijing. 我正在北京参加一个会议。

　　六、过去进行时

　　1、表示在过去某一段时间正在进行的动作。常需用表示过去的时间状语或通过上下文来判断时间。

　　例：He was doing his homework from seven to nine last night.

　　昨天晚上七点到九点他正在做作业。

　　2、when 和while 的用法

　　(1)I fell and hurt myself while I _____tennis.

　　A. was playing B. am playing C. play D. played

　　(答案：A。连接词when 表示时间上的点，其所引导的句子用过去时，while 表示持续的一段时间，其所引导的句子用过去进行时。)

　　(2)When you _____ this over with her, you should not see her any more.

　　A. talk B. talked C. will talk D. talking

　　(答案为B)

　　(3)One of the guards _____ when the general came in, which made him very angry.

　　A. has slept B. were sleeping C, slept D. was sleeping

　　(答案为D)

　　3、过去进行时表示过去将来的动作。现在进行时可以表示将来的动作，同样，过去进行时也可以表示从过去某时间看将来要发生的动作。

　　例：He went to see Xiao Li. He was leaving early the next morning.

　　他去看小李。他第二天一早就要离开此地了。

　　七、现在完成时

　　1、表示动作刚刚结束(常和just, now, already, yet等词连用);或表示动作的结果(一般不用时间状语)。

　　(1)Li Ming has just turned off the light. 李明刚刚把灯关上。(说明现在灯已经关上了)

　　(2)I have lost my pen. 我把笔丢了。(说明过去某时丢的，现在我还没有找到这支笔。)

　　2、表示过去某时开始的动作一直延续到现在，并且可能会继续延续下去(常用since引导的短语或从句，或由for 引导的短语连用)。

　　(1)He has lived here for 30 years. 他住在这儿已经三十年了。(现在还住在这儿)

　　(2)They’ve known each other since childhood. 他们从小彼此相识。(现在还继续来往)

　　3、非延续性动词的完成时和it is +时间+since…..(过去时)

　　英语中有些动词不能延续， 因此不能和表示延续的时间状语连用。

　　(1)He has _____ the army for ten years and is now an officer.

　　A. gone into

　　B. joined in

　　C. been in

　　D. come into

　　(答案：C。用现在完成时表示“继续”的概念时，只能用含有持续意义的动词，不可用瞬间性动词。)

　　(2)It is 3 years since I left Shanghai .我离开上海已经三年了。

　　(如果是非延续动词，这时常用 it is +时间+since 的句型代替，从句用过去时态。)

　　4、have(has)been to 和have (has)gone to 的区别

　　have(has )been to：去过某地(表示某人的一种经历)，可以和once，twice，often，never，ever 连用。

　　have(has)gone to：去某地了(表示某人已经离开此地，在去某地的路途上或已在某地，所以一般来说此句型只用于第三人称)，此句型不能与上述时间状语连用。

　　(1)He has gone to America.(意思为他已经去了美国，现在不在此地)

　　(2)He has been to America twice. 他去过美国两次。

　　八、过去完成时

　　1、表示在过去的某一时间或动作之前已经完成了的动作(即过去的过去)。这个过去的某一时间可用by, before等介词或连词引导的短语或一个从句来表示。

　　例：About the sixth century A.D. when few Europeans could read, the Chinese _____ paper.

　　A. invented

　　B. had invented

　　C. have invented

　　D. had been invented

　　(答案：B)

　　2、表示从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到另一个过去的时间的动作。

　　例：The chemistry class _____ for five minutes when we hurried there.

　　A. had been on

　　B. was on

　　C. has been on

　　D. would be on

　　(答案：A)

　　3、在含有before, after, as soon as 等连词引导的状语从句的复合句中，由于连词本身可以明确表示动作发生的先后顺序，因此，主句和从句都可以用一般过去时表示，而不用过去完成时。

　　例：I called him as soon as I arrived.我刚一到就给他打电话。

　　4、过去完成时常用在no sooner …than…, hardly/scarcely/barely…when…，一…就…。句型之中，句子到装。

　　(1)No sooner had we sat down _____ we found it was time to go.

　　A. than

　　B. when

　　C. as

　　D. while

　　(答案为A)

　　(2)Scarcely had he opened the door when a gust of wind blew the candle out.

　　他刚打开门，蜡烛就被一阵风吹灭了。

　　九、将来完成时：

　　表示在将来某一时间以前完成的动作。

　　1、By the time John gets home, his aunt _____.

　　A. will have

　　B. leaves

　　C. will have left

　　D. is leaving

　　(答案：C)

　　2、I _____ writing the article by the time you get back.

　　A. shall finish

　　B. must have finished

　　C. have finished

　　D. shall have finished

　　(答案：D)

　　十、现在完成进行时：

　　表示从过去某时一直延续到现在的一个动作，这个动作一般会继续延续下去，或是到说话时结束， 但是强调到说话时为止一直在做的动作。

　　例：I _____ on the door for ten minutes now without an answer.

　　A. was knocking

　　B. am knocking

　　C. knocking

　　D. have been knocking

　　(答案：D)

　　第二部分 被动语态

　　考试重点：感官动词和使役动词的被动语态;动词短语的被动语态;情态动词的被动语态;用主动表示被动的含义。

　　一、感官动词及使役动词(如：see，feel，hear，watch，make，bid)在主动语态中用无to不定式做宾补，改为被动语态时要加to。

　　1、The middle-aged man was seen _____ out of the house on the afternoon of the murder.

　　A. came

　　B. come

　　C. to come

　　D. have come

　　(答案为C)

　　2、We were made to study harder. 我们被要求努力学习。

　　二、有些动词后面接一个介词或副词，构成短语。变被动语态时，短语动词做及物动词用。

　　1、The children are well looked after. 这些孩子得到了很好的照顾。

　　2、The doctor has been sent for. 已经派人去请大夫了。

　　三、情态动词的被动语态

　　构成：情态动词+be+过去分词。

　　1、The work must be finished before lunch. 这项工作必须在午饭前干完。

　　2、Nothing can be seen from here. 从这儿什么也看不见。

　　四、用主动表示被动的含义

　　常用：need/require +doing sth(=to be done)(此句型主语大多为物)

　　例：My room is a mess. It needs _____.

　　A to be tidying up

　　B. tidying up

　　C. to tidy up

　　D. tidied up

　　(答案为B)

　　第三部分 情态动词

　　考试重点：情态动词+完成时

　　情态动词用来表示能力、允许、许诺、可能、劝告、意愿等概念或态度。情态动词无人称变化，在句子中和动词原形一起构成谓语。根据这几年的考试看，着重测验情态动词接完成时的用法。

　　一、must +现在完成时

　　表示对已发生的事情的一种肯定的猜测。

　　1、Mr. Green _____ my letter, otherwise he would have replied before now.

　　A. must have received

　　B. must have failed to receive

　　C. must receive

　　D. must fail to receive

　　(答案：B)

　　2、I believe he _____ an accident, otherwise he would have arrived on time.

　　A. would have had

　　B. could have had

　　C. should have had

　　D. must have had

　　(答案为D)

　　二、should (ought to )+完成时

　　表示应该做的事情而没有做，否定式表示不该做的事情做了。含有对过去的动作的责备、批评。

　　1、They have done things they ought _____.

　　A. not to do

　　B. not to be done

　　C. not to have done

　　D. not having done

　　(答案为C)

　　2、I’m sorry I couldn’t get in touch with him before he left, I _____ him earlier.

　　A. had a telephone

　　B. have phoned

　　C. should have phoned

　　D. should be phoned

　　(答案为C)

　　三、could +完成时

　　表示能做的事情而没有做。表示对过去能做而未做的事情感到惋惜，遗憾。

　　1、He could have joined us, but he didn’t get our invitation in time.

　　他本来能够参加我们的，但是他没有收到我们的请贴。

　　2、I could have passed, but I did not study hard enough.

　　我本来能及格的，但是没有努力学习。

　　第四部分 虚拟语气

　　如果所表示的条件根本不可能实现或实现的可能性很小时，称为虚拟条件句。

　　考试重点：虚拟语气的基本形式和用法;if的省略形式;含蓄条件句;以wish(that)引导的表示“愿望”的宾语从句;would rather 引导的从句;以as if, as though 引导的从句;以suggest, advise, insist 等词后引导的宾语从句;It is necessary(important)that引导的主语从句;It is time (that)…句型中。

　　一、虚拟语气的基本形式和用法：

　　虚拟(条件)语气中，主句与从句中谓语动词的形式可分为下面三类：

　　

 

　　1、I would ask George to lend us the money if I _____ him.

　　A. had known

　　B. have known

　　C. knew

　　D. know

　　(答案：C。与现在的事实相反，从句用过去时)

　　2、Do you think there would be less conflict in the world if all people _____ the same language?

　　A. spoke

　　B. speak

　　C. had spoken

　　D. will speak

　　(答案：A。与现在的事实相反，从句的谓语动词用过去时。)

　　3、If Bob____ with us, he would have had a good time.

　　A. would come

　　B. would have come

　　C. had come

　　D. came

　　(答案为C。与过去的事实相反，从句的谓语动词用过去完成时。)

　　二、if的省略形式

　　在虚拟条件句中， 如谓语包含were , had, should等词， 则可以把这些词放到主语前面，省略if。

　　1、_____ you were busy, I wouldn't have bothered you with my questions.

　　A. If I realized

　　B. Had I realized

　　C. Did I have realized that

　　D. As I realized

　　(答案：B。虚拟条件句有时可以省略if，而将谓语中的过去式were，had，或should等移至主语之前。)

　　2、_____, I should ask them some questions.

　　A. Should they come to us

　　B. If they come to us

　　C. Were they come to us

　　D. Had they come to us

　　(答案：A。与将来事实相反。)

　　三、含蓄条件句

　　有时一个假设的情况不用条件从句表示，而用其它方式来表示，这样的句子叫含蓄条件句。常用with，without，but for。

　　1、Without your help, we _____ so much.

　　A. didn’t achieve

　　B. would not have achieved

　　C. will not achieve

　　D. don’t achieve

　　(答案：B。这是一句含蓄条件句，条件暗含在介词短语without your help中，因此要用虚拟语气。)

　　2、But for the rain, we _____ a nice holiday.

　　A. should have

　　B. would have had

　　C. would have

　　D. will have had

　　(答案：B)

　　四、以wish(that)引导的表示“愿望”的宾语从句

　　wish后的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气，而在虚拟语气中时态的应用类似在非真实条件中从句时态的应用。表示现在或将来的愿望用：主语+wish +从句(主语+过去时);表示一个过去没有实现的愿望用：主语+wish +从句(主语+过去完成时);

　　1、Peter wishes that he _____ law instead of literature when he was in college.

　　A. could study

　　B. studied

　　C. had studied

　　D. would study

　　(答案：C)

　　2、I didn’t go to the party, but I do wish I _____ there.

　　A. were

　　B. would be

　　C. had been

　　D. will be

　　(答案：C)

　　五、would rather+句子(过去时)

　　1、I’d _____ you didn’t touch that, if you don’t mind.

　　A. rather

　　B. better

　　C. happier

　　D. further

　　(答为案：A)

　　2、I am too busy these days. I would rather all of you _____ next month for a dinner.

　　A. come

　　B. would come

　　C. came

　　D. have come

　　(答案为C)

　　六、以as if，as though引导的从句

　　在as if，as though引导的从句中，如果谈论的是不可能或不真实的情况时，它们所引用的状语从句要用虚拟语气，动词形式和wish 后面的从中动词形式变化相同。

　　1、He talks as if he _____ everything in the world.

　　A. knows

　　B. knew

　　C. had known

　　D. would have known

　　(答案：B。as if(though)从句中非真实性情况用虚拟语气。本句表示说话人对现在的情况有所怀疑，所以用过去时。)

　　2、You are talking as if you had seen them

　　你谈的那么起劲，好像你真的见过似的。(表示想象中的过去的动作)

　　七、以suggest，advise，insist等词后引导的宾语从句中，从句的谓语动词要用should+动词原形，should可以省略。

　　类似的动词有：propose，insist，suggest，order，demand，require，request等。

　　1、The doctor advised that Mr. Malan _____ an operation right away so as to save his life.

　　A. had

　　B. would have

　　C. have

　　D. was going to have

　　(答案：C)

　　2、His mother insisted that he _____ the coat when going out.

　　A. put on

　　B. puts on

　　C. to put

　　D. putting on

　　(答案：A)

　　八、It is necessary/important/urgent that引导的主语从句中，从句的谓语动词要用should+原形动词，should可以省略。

　　1、It’s desired that she _____ to teach us at least twice a week.

　　A. comes

　　B. will come

　　C. come

　　D. may come

　　(答案：C)

　　2、It’s urgent that a meeting _____ before the final decision is made.

　　A. will be arranged

　　B. must be arranged

　　C. be arranged

　　D. would be arranged

　　(答案：C)

　　九、It is time (that)…引导的定语从句中，谓语动词用过去时。

　　1、It’s high time we _____ something to stop traffic accident.

　　A. do

　　B. will do

　　C. did

　　D. must do

　　(答案：C)

　　2、Don’t you think it is time you _____ smoking?

　　A. give up

　　B. gave up

　　C. would give up

　　D. should give up

　　(答案：B)

　　第五部分 非谓语动词

　　非谓语动词分三种，即：不定式，动名词和分词。下面分三部分进行介绍。

　　一、动词不定式

　　考试重点：动词不定式的基本结构和用法(尤其是复合结构，否定式，被动式，完成式等。);stop和go on接不定式和动名词的区别;remember，forget接不定式和动名词的区别;have sth done 和have sb do sth。

　　基本形式

　　

 

　　在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语。

　　(一)动词不定式的基本结构和用法

　　动词不定式是一种非谓语动词形式， 由不定式符号to加动词原形构成。

　　1、Good-bye , Mr. Wang. I’m pleased _____ you.

　　A. to meet

　　B .meeting

　　C. to have been meeting

　　D. to be met

　　(答案：A)

　　2、Encouragement through praise is the most effective method of getting people _____ their best.

　　A. do

　　B. to do

　　C. doing

　　D. done

　　(答案为B)

　　(二)动词不定式的被动式

　　当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的对象时(或动作的承受者时)，不定式一般要用被动式。

　　1、The ability _____ is very important for any speaker.

　　A. to hear clearly

　　B. to be clearly heard

　　C. to hearing clearly

　　D. to being clearly heard

　　(答案：B。动词不定式的被动式。)

　　2、Mr. and Mrs. Smith didn’t expect the house _____ so well.

　　A. to be decorated

　　B. to decorate

　　C. be decorated

　　D. decorating

　　(答案：A)

　　(三)动词不定式的复合结构

　　如需指出不定式动作的发出者时(即逻辑主语时)要在不定式前用for加名词(或代词)表示。

　　1、It was very difficult _____ me to learn Spanish.

　　A. of

　　B. to

　　C. with

　　D. for

　　(答案：D)

　　2、It is necessary _____ the papers immediately.

　　A. for you to hand in

　　B. that you hand out

　　C. your hand in

　　D. for your hand in

　　(答案：A)

　　(四)动词不定式的完成式

　　表示不定式的动作发生在句子谓语所表示的动作之前。

　　1、Judging from his manners at the party, he doesn’t seem _____ much education.

　　A. to receive

　　B. to be receiving

　　C. to have received

　　D. to have been received

　　(答案：C。表示发生在主要动词之前的动作，要用动词不定式的完成式。)

　　2、The book is said _____ into several foreign languages up to now.

　　A. to translate

　　B. to have translate

　　C. to have been translated

　　D. to be translated

　　(答案：C)

　　(五)stop 和go on后面接不定式和动名词的区别

　　动名词表示停下或继续正在做的事情;不定式表示停下以便做某事或改做另外一件事情。

　　1、The old man walked slowly, stopping frequently _____.

　　A. on rest

　　B. at rest

　　C. resting

　　D. to rest

　　(答案：D。“to rest”作目的状语，意思为“停下来的目的是为了休息”。)

　　2、Men will never stop _____ for new ways of getting new energy.

　　A. search

　　B. to search

　　C. searching

　　D. searched

　　(答案：C)

　　3、You have been talking for two hours. How long do you intend to go on _____ like that?

　　A. talking

　　B. to talk

　　C. doing talking

　　D. talk

　　(答案：A)

　　(六)remember 和forget接不定式和动名词的区别

　　remember, forget + doing sth：表示动作发生在过去。

　　remember, forget +to do sth：表示动作尚未发生。

　　1、Don’t forget _____ the window before leaving the room.

　　A. to have closed

　　B. to close

　　C. having closed

　　D. closing

　　(答案：B。to close表示一个在leaving 之后发生的将来的动作)

　　2、I remember giving the letter to him.

　　我记得把信给他了。(giving表示一个在remember之前发生过的动作。)

　　(七)have sth done 和 have sb do sth的用法

　　1、We are going to have our office _____ to make room for a new engineer.

　　A. to rearrange

　　B. rearrange

　　C. rearranged

　　D. rearranging

　　(答案：C。have sth done:表示这个动作由别人来做。)

　　2、I’ll _____ that I’m a qualified engineer.

　　A. have you know

　　B. have known you

　　C. have you knowing

　　D. have you know

　　(答案：A。表示让某人做某事。)